Affirmative Actions for Women in STEM: A Comparative Analysis of Implementation in Chilean Universities

Abstract

The persistent underrepresentation of women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields is a global concern, notably pronounced in Chile. This study investigates the recent adoption of affirmative actions, specifically preferential quotas, aimed at increasing female participation in these disciplines across four universities in the country. Our findings reveal that while the strategies and execution of these actions vary, they remain tethered to conventional admission protocols. Challenges arise in delineating eligibility criteria, underscoring the inherent tension between meritocratic principles and inclusive practices. While female students report higher levels of discomfort in terms of social and academic integration, they do not significantly differ from their male counterparts in academic performance, experiences of social marginalization, or encounters with discrimination. Notably, affirmative measures receive overwhelmingly positive evaluations from female and quota-admitted students. The latter group, in particular, places greater emphasis on gender as a salient factor in their university experience and identifies special admission as a potential source of discrimination, primarily from their male peers. This study recommends targeted efforts for awareness-building and dissemination of affirmative action policies, precise definition of entry requirements, and comprehensive strategies for the social and academic integration of students. These recommendations aim to foster an inclusive STEM environment that empowers women and promotes their equitable participation in these critical fields.